Hydrothermal carbon spheres produced from glucose, cyclodextrin, and starch

The production of hydrothermal carbons from glucose, cyclodextrin, and starch was reported at 180 degrees C and 200 degrees C for 24 hr, both with and without 2-chloro propionic acid. The yields of hydrothermal carbons varied depending on the feedstock and temperature. At the lowest temperature, glucose gave the highest yield of hydrochar, while at 200 degrees C, the yields did not differ significantly among the three feedstocks, with the highest yield obtained for cyclodextrin-derived hydrochars. The use of a catalyst not only decreased the yield of hydrothermal carbons but also resulted in an increase in the diameter of hydrochars for all saccharides. When compared to raw saccharides, the O/C and H/C ratios of hydrothermal carbons were significantly lower, suggesting that significant deoxygenation and dehydration occurred after the HTC processing. In the non-catalytic runs, hydrochars for each feedstock showed an increase in aromatic content when the temperature was increased from 180 degrees C to 200 degrees C. The size of the carbon spheres was significantly influenced by various factors including the operating conditions, the type of saccharide used, and the pH of the aqueous solutions. The diameters of carbon spheres produced in runs with catalysts were larger when compared to their corresponding hydrothermal carbons from the non-catalyst runs.