Spatial Patterns of Anthropogenic Heat and Urban Density of an Indian Metropolitan City

Anthropogenic heat intensity arises from levels of population, buildings and vehicle densities. Population and built-up densities are very high in the cities of developing countries, which may have an impact on heat generated from metabolism and buildings differently compared to developed countries. Hence, this study investigated the magnitude of anthropogenic heat in different land uses and areas with different built-up densities pertaining to Indian metropolises; Bengaluru metropolitan area was selected for this study. The maximum metabolic heat (22.8 W/m(2)), vehicular heat (87.2 W/m(2)) and building heat (443.0 W/m(2)) were found in the high-density residential grids and the mixed-use grids in the city centre area during 2017. The lowest value (0.1 W/m(2)) was found in the low-density residential areas, public and semi-public areas, restricted areas and agricultural areas. A high positive correlation value (0.8 in 2011 and 0.72 in 2017) was found between non-residential building surface fractions and anthropogenic heat.