Measurement of Light-Duty Vehicle Exhaust Emissions with Light Absorption Spectrometers

被引:0
|
作者
Giechaskiel, Barouch [1 ]
Melas, Anastasios [1 ]
Franzetti, Jacopo [1 ,2 ]
Valverde, Victor [3 ]
Clairotte, Michael [1 ]
Suarez-Bertoa, Ricardo [1 ]
机构
[1] European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr JRC, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
[2] Univ Politecn Madrid, ETSI Minas & Energia, Madrid 28003, Spain
[3] Unisystem SA, I-20145 Milan, Italy
关键词
vehicle emissions; instrumentation; ammonia (NH3); methane (CH4); nitrous oxide (N2O); NOX; FTIR; TDLAS; QCL; NDIR; FID; CLA; SELECTIVE CATALYTIC-REDUCTION; AMMONIA EMISSIONS; NH3; N2O; SPECTROSCOPY; GASOLINE; NOX; DIESEL; GROWTH; ACID;
D O I
10.3390/technologies12030032
中图分类号
T [工业技术];
学科分类号
08 ;
摘要
Light-duty vehicle emission regulations worldwide set limits for the following gaseous pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxides (NOX), hydrocarbons (HCs), and/or non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs). Carbon dioxide (CO2) is indirectly limited by fleet CO2 or fuel consumption targets. Measurements are carried out at the dilution tunnel with "standard" laboratory-grade instruments following well-defined principles of operation: non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzers for CO and CO2, flame ionization detectors (FIDs) for hydrocarbons, and chemiluminescence analyzers (CLAs) or non-dispersive ultraviolet detectors (NDUVs) for NOX. In the United States in 2012 and in China in 2020, with Stage 6, nitrous oxide (N2O) was also included. Brazil is phasing in NH3 in its regulation. Alternative instruments that can measure some or all these pollutants include Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)- and laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS)-based instruments. In the second category, quantum cascade laser (QCL) spectroscopy in the mid-infrared area or laser diode spectroscopy (LDS) in the near-infrared area, such as tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), are included. According to current regulations and technical specifications, NH3 is the only component that has to be measured at the tailpipe to avoid ammonia losses due to its hydrophilic properties and adsorption on the transfer lines. There are not many studies that have evaluated such instruments, in particular those for "non-regulated" worldwide pollutants. For this reason, we compared laboratory-grade "standard" analyzers with FTIR- and TDLAS-based instruments measuring NH3. One diesel and two gasoline vehicles at different ambient temperatures and with different test cycles produced emissions in a wide range. In general, the agreement among the instruments was very good (in most cases, within +/- 10%), confirming their suitability for the measurement of pollutants.
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页数:20
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