Effects on resting-state EEG phase-amplitude coupling in insomnia disorder patients following 1 Hz left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex rTMS

Despite burgeoning evidence for cortical hyperarousal in insomnia disorder, the existing results on electroencephalography spectral features are highly heterogeneous. Phase-amplitude coupling, which refers to the modulation of the low-frequency phase to a high-frequency amplitude, is probably a more sensitive quantitative measure for characterizing abnormal neural oscillations and explaining the therapeutic effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of patients with insomnia disorder. Sixty insomnia disorder patients were randomly divided into the active and sham treatment groups to receive 4 weeks of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment. Behavioral assessments, resting-state electroencephalography recordings, and sleep polysomnography recordings were performed before and after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment. Forty good sleeper controls underwent the same assessment. We demonstrated that phase-amplitude coupling values in the frontal and temporal lobes were weaker in Insomnia disorder patients than in those with good sleeper controls at baseline and that phase-amplitude coupling values near the intervention area were significantly enhanced after active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment. Furthermore, the enhancement of phase-amplitude coupling values was significantly correlated with the improvement of sleep quality. This study revealed the potential of phase-amplitude coupling in assessing the severity of insomnia disorder and the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment, providing new insights on the abnormal physiological mechanisms and future treatments for insomnia disorder.