Physical activity and perceived barriers in individuals with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury

Introduction Regular physical activity (PA), especially aerobic exercise, may benefit cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults, but promoting regular PA in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a challenge. Objective To characterize PA and perceived barriers to PA in younger (<45 years) and middle age and older (>= 45 years) individuals >= 1 year after moderate-to-severe TBI. Design Multicenter survey study. Setting Community. Participants Persons who met the following criteria were included in the study: (1) 18 years and older; (2) English speaking; (3) History of moderate-to-severe TBI; (4) Followed in a TBI Model Systems Center for at least 1 year; and (5) Able to complete the survey independently. Intervention Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure(s) PA level measured by Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity questionnaire (RAPA) and self-reported barriers to PA. Results A total of 472 participants completed the survey (response rate of 21%). More individuals in the younger group (<45 years old) met Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended aerobic PA guidelines compared to the middle-aged and older group (>= 45 years old) (62% vs 36%, p < .001). Lack of motivation, lack of time, and fatigue were the most reported barriers. Perceived barriers to PA varied by age and PA level: the middle-aged and older individuals (>= 45 years old) were more likely to report no barriers and inactive individuals (RAPA <= 5) more likely to report lack of motivation and money, pain, and lack of resources. Conclusion Participants >= 45 years of age were less likely to meet the CDC PA guidelines than younger individuals after moderate-to-severe TBI. Because perceived barriers to PA varied between age groups and PA levels, individualized approaches may be needed to promote PA in this population.