Green innovation efficiency measurement of manufacturing industry in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China based on Super-EBM model and Malmquist-Luenberger index

Promoting sustainable development in manufacturing is a paramount goal, with a focus on advancing green innovation. This study constructs a system for evaluating green innovation efficiency and employs the Super-EBM model, incorporating unexpected output, to assess the efficiency of green innovation in 13 cities across the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 2011 to 2020. The study further conducts dynamic analysis using the Malmquist-Luenberger index. Results reveal that, statically, the overall green innovation efficiency in the manufacturing industry of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is inefficient. There exists a considerable gap in green innovation efficiency among Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, with Beijing and Tianjin demonstrating superior performance compared to Hebei. Substantial variations exist in the green innovation efficiency of manufacturing across different cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Only Beijing, Qinhuangdao, and Baoding achieve DEA-effective green innovation efficiency in the manufacturing industry, while the other cities do not. Dynamically, the green innovation efficiency of the manufacturing industry in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is on the rise. There is a varying degree of improvement in green innovation efficiency in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, with Hebei showing the highest improvement, Tianjin ranking second, and Beijing having the least improvement. With the exception of Langfang and Hengshui, the green innovation efficiency in the manufacturing industry is improving in most cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, with Hebei witnessing the most significant improvement. This study aims to integrate "environmental pollution" into the evaluation index system for green innovation efficiency. It assesses green innovation efficiency in the manufacturing industry of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, considering both static and dynamic perspectives. This clarification offers insights into the level of green innovation, contributing valuable information for the advancement of high-quality development in the regional manufacturing industry.