Trends in Recurring and Chronic Food Insecurity Among US Families With Older Adults

Importance Food insecurity is a critical social determinant of health for older adults. Understanding national food insecurity trends among families with older adults has important policy implications. Objective To compare food insecurity trends among US families with an older adult from 1999 to 2003 and 2015 to 2019 and further stratify the analysis by race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status markers, and enrollment in the federal Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Design, Setting, and Participants In this cohort study using biennial data from the nationally representative Panel Study of Income Dynamics, balanced panels of families with at least 1 older adult (>= 60 years) who participated from 1999 to 2003 (n = 1311) and 2015 to 2019 (n = 2268) were created. Analysis was completed in 2023. Main outcome Food insecurity was assessed using the US Household Food Security Survey Module. Within each 5-year period, we defined recurring food insecurity as 2 or more episodes of food insecurity and chronic food insecurity as 3 episodes of food insecurity. Results Overall, food insecurity among US families with older adults increased from 12.5% in 1999 to 2003 to 23.1% in 2015 to 2019. Rates of recurring food insecurity more than doubled (5.6% to 12.6%), whereas rates of chronic food insecurity more than tripled (2.0% to 6.3%). Across both time periods, higher rates of food insecurity persisted among Black and Hispanic families, with lower socioeconomic status, and participating in SNAP. Conclusions and Relevance These results highlight how rates of recurring and chronic food insecurity among families with older adults rose substantially over the past 20 years. Monitoring national trends in food insecurity among older adults has direct programmatic and policy implications.