Dietary anethole: a systematic review of its protective effects against metabolic syndrome

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of physiological, biochemical, clinical, and metabolic conditions that aggravate the risk of severe diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and fatty liver. Several dietary molecules have been considered preventive compounds for MetS. Anethole, a natural phenylpropanoid, has been found to protect against MetS and its associated components.AimThis systematic review aims to provide an overview of the preclinical evidence supporting the protective effects of dietary anethole against MetS and the associated diseases.MethodsA literature search was performed using Web of Sciences, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify studies reporting the protective effects of dietary anethole against MetS, without any time restrictions. Review articles, letters to editors, editorials, unpublished results, and non-English papers were excluded from the study.ResultsThe results showed that anethole has the potential to effectively protect against the key features of MetS via various mechanisms, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, stimulating insulin secretion from beta-cells, mediating oxidative stress, modulation of the mTOR/PPAR gamma axis, arterial remodeling, and improvement of vascular relaxation.ConclusionAnethole modulates several molecular pathways that are implicated in the pathogenesis of MetS. Future in vitro and animal investigations should be conducted to explore other anti-MetS signaling pathways of anethole. Additionally, well-designed clinical studies are warranted to determine the optimal human dose, bioavailability, and pharmacokinetic characteristics of this dietary compound.