Compressive Strength Prediction of Cemented Backfill Containing Phosphate Tailings Using Extreme Gradient Boosting Optimized by Whale Optimization Algorithm

Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) is the most significant mechanical index for cemented backfill, and it is mainly determined by traditional mechanical tests. This study optimized the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model by utilizing the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) to construct a hybrid model for the UCS prediction of cemented backfill. The PT proportion, the OPC proportion, the FA proportion, the solid concentration, and the curing age were selected as input variables, and the UCS of the cemented PT backfill was selected as the output variable. The original XGBoost model, the XGBoost model optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO-XGBoost), and the decision tree (DT) model were also constructed for comparison with the WOA-XGBoost model. The results showed that the values of the root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R-2), and mean absolute error (MAE) obtained from the WOA-XGBoost model, XGBoost model, PSO-XGBoost model, and DT model were equal to (0.241, 0.967, 0.184), (0.426, 0.917, 0.336), (0.316, 0.943, 0.258), and (0.464, 0.852, 0.357), respectively. The results show that the proposed WOA-XGBoost has better prediction accuracy than the other machine learning models, confirming the ability of the WOA to enhance XGBoost in cemented PT backfill strength prediction. The WOA-XGBoost model could be a fast and accurate method for the UCS prediction of cemented PT backfill.