Variance of soil bacterial community and metabolic profile in the rhizosphere vs. non-rhizosphere of native plant Rumex acetosa L. from a Sb/ As co-contaminated area in China

Heavy metals (HMs) contamination poses a serious threat to soil health. However, the rhizosphere effect of native pioneer plants on the soil ecosystem remains unclear. Herein, how the rhizosphere (Rumex acetosa L.) influenced the process of HMs threatening soil micro-ecology was investigated by coupling various fractions of HMs, soil microorganisms and soil metabolism. The rhizosphere effect alleviated the HMs' stress by absorbing and reducing HMs' direct bioavailability, and the accumulation of ammonium nitrogen increased in the rhizo-sphere soil. Meanwhile, severe HMs contamination covered the rhizosphere effect on the richness, diversity, structure and predicted function pathways of soil bacterial community, but the relative abundance of Gemma-timonadota decreased and Verrucomicrobiota increased. The content of total HMs and physicochemical prop-erties played a more important role than rhizosphere effect in shaping soil bacterial community. Furthermore, As was observed to have a more significant impact compared to Sb. Moreover, plant roots improved the stability of bacterial co-occurrence network, and significantly changed the critical genera. The process influenced bacterial life activity and nutrient cycling in soil, and the conclusion was further supported by the significant difference in metabolic profiles. This study illustrated that in Sb/As co-contaminated area, rhizosphere effect significantly changed soil HMs content and fraction, soil properties, and microbial community and metabolic profiles.