Exposure to famine in every stage of life and the risk of osteoporosis and fractures later in life: A cross-sectional study

Background and objective: Data on the association between early-life famine exposure and osteoporosis and fractures remain limited and inconclusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between famine exposure and osteoporosis and fractures.Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis using the first follow-up survey data from the China Car-diometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort Study from 2014 to 2016. We classified 4807 Lanzhou participants into seven groups based on their birthday (non-exposed or exposed in the fetal stage, early childhood, mid-childhood, late childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood). And we combined the non-exposed and early-adulthood exposed groups as a control group, which was called "age balanced group". This age-balanced group was used as the control group to further evaluate the risk of osteoporosis and fracture. We used multiple logistic regression to estimate the association between famine exposure and the risk of osteoporosis (T-score <=-1.8 by QUS) and self-reported fracture. Results: In women, compared to the age-balanced group, the odds ratios (95 % CI) for the risk of osteoporosis were 1.400(1.034, 1.897), 1.630(1.268, 2.095), 1.707(1.314, 2.218), 2.150(1.732.2.668) and 2.885 (2.286,3.641) in the fetal stage, early childhood, mid-childhood, late childhood and adolescence famine-exposed cohorts. In men, no association between famine and osteoporosis was noted with exposed cohort compared with the age-balanced control cohort (p > 0.05). Interestingly, the association between famine exposure and fractures was slightly different from the above results: in women, the odds ratios (95 % CI) for fractures in mid-childhood famine exposure was 1.461(1.082,1.973), in late childhood famine exposure was 1.333(1.035,1.718) and in adolescence famine exposure was 1.607(1.239,2.085). However, compared to the age-balanced control cohort, men exposed to famine in early childhood (OR: 1.801, 95 % CI: 1.010,3.211) had a higher risk of fracture.Conclusion: Famine exposure in different life stage has adverse effects on bone health. Famine exposure in not only the period from gestation to infancy, but also childhood and adolescence was associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis, especially in women. Exposure to famine in childhood-(mid and late) and adolescence-life period is associated with fracture in women. But, in men early-childhood famine exposure was only associated with fracture.