Identification of Urban Air Logistics Distribution Network Concepts

This study attempts to identify urban air logistics (UAL) operational concepts by synthesizing the urban freight transport (UFT) network configurations and urban air mobility (UAM) characteristics. UAL is gaining popularity as a quick and safe mode that has the potential to address several logistics challenges. This study has reviewed scientific papers identified using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework to understand the features of existing UFT distribution networks, unmanned aerial systems (UAS), and UAM. The cross analysis considered UFT features such as the parcel's weight, delivery type (time sensitivity, customer-to-customer, business-to-consumer, or business-to-business), and UFT distribution network types and compared them against the features of UAS such as maximum take-off weight, range, and infrastructure requirements (drone ports). The analysis identified three types of UAL operational concepts: door-to-door direct (D2DD), hybrid, and multimodal. Lightweight deliveries can be operated using D2DD and hybrid through point-to-point (P-P) and extended P-P network concepts. The hybrid concept uses an intermediate drop-off location to deliver goods. Hub-and-spoke (H-S), extended H-S, and trunk line with collecting/distribution network designs can be used for heavyweight cargo operations. D2DD versus hybrid/multimodal concepts were compared based on six thematic clusters (societal implications, safety and security, ethics, environmental issues, public acceptance, and urban planning and infrastructure). This study identified that technological development and innovation could reduce social implications and ethical challenges. Furthermore, public willingness and economic feasibility will determine the success of the operational concepts. The identified UAL operational concepts, network designs, and challenges will help to conduct further research in this subject area.