Postoperative Pulmonary Complications after Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Under Spinal Anesthesia

Purpose: To evaluate risk factors and outcomes of Pulmonary Complications (PCs) in Percutaneous Nephrolitho-tomy (PCNL) under Spinal anesthesia (SA).Material and method: 286 patients who underwent PCNL under SA between 2017 and 2021 were identified retrospectively and divided into group 1 (clinically significant PCs) and group 2 (no clinically significant PCs). Demographic, preoperative, and intraoperative variables and postoperative outcomes were compared between both groups. Independent risk factors for PCs were evaluated by univariable and multivariable logistic regression anal-yses.Results: PCs were noted in 90 patients (31.5%). Advanced age (P = .011), high body mass index (BMI) (P < .001), and the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (P < .001) were risk factors for PCs.Conclusion: SA is an effective method of anesthesia for all PCNL patients and carries a lower rate of PCNL-asso-ciated PCs. Risk factors for PCs after PCNL were advanced age, obesity, and preoperative COPD.