Transliteration Characteristics in Romanized Assamese Language Social Media Text and Machine Transliteration

This article aims to understand different transliteration behaviors of Romanized Assamese text on social media. Assamese, a language that belongs to the Indo-Aryan language family, is also among the 22 scheduled languages in India. With the increasing popularity of social media in India and also the common use of the EnglishQwerty keyboard, Indian users on socialmedia express themselves in their native languages, but using the Roman/Latin script. Unlike some other popular South Asian languages (say Pinyin for Chinese), Indian languages do not have a common standard romanization convention for writing on social media platforms. Assamese and English are two very different orthographical languages. Thus, considering both orthographic and phonemic characteristics of the language, this study tries to explain how Assamese vowels, vowel diacritics, and consonants are represented in Roman transliterated form. From a dataset of romanized Assamese social media texts collected from three popular social media sites: (Facebook, YouTube, and X (formerly known as Twitter)),1 we have manually labeled them with their native Assamese script. A comparison analysis is also carried out between the transliterated Assamese social media texts with six different Assamese romanization schemes that reflect how Assamese users on social media do not adhere to any fixed romanization scheme. We have built three separate character-level transliteration models from our dataset. One using a traditional phrase-based statistical machine transliteration model, (1) PBSMT model and two separate neural transliteration models, (2) BiLSTM neural seq2seq model with attention, and (3) Neural transformer model. A thorough error analysis has been performed on the transliteration result obtained from the three state-of-the-art models mentioned above. This may help to build a more robust machine transliteration system for the Assamese social media domain in the future. Finally, an attention analysis experiment is also carried out with the help of attention weight scores taken from the character-level BiLSTM neural seq2seq transliteration model built from our dataset.