A Single Particle model with electrolyte and side reactions for degradation of lithium-ion batteries

Battery degradation, which is the reduction of performance over time, is one of the main roadblocks to the wide deployment of lithium-ion batteries. Physics-based models, such as those based on the Doyle-Fuller-Newman model, are invaluable tools to understand and predict such phenomena. However, these models are often too complex for practical ap-plications, so reduced models are needed. In this article we introduce the Single Particle Model with electrolyte and Side Reactions, a reduced model with electrochemical degrada-tion which has been formally derived from the Doyle-Fuller-Newman model with Side Re-actions using asymptotic methods. The reduced model has been validated against the full model for three scenarios (solid-electrolyte interphase growth, lithium plating, and both effects combined) showing similar accuracy at a much lower computational cost. The im-plications of the results are twofold: the reduced model is simple and accurate enough to be used in most real practical applications, and the reduction framework used is robust so it can be extended to account for further degradation effects. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )