Stability and biological activity enhancement of fucoxanthin through encapsulation in alginate/chitosan nanoparticles

A response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken design was employed to develop fucoxanthin (FX) delivery nanocarrier from alginate (ALG) and chitosan (CS). The FX-loaded ALG/CS nanoparticles (FX-ALG/CSNPs) were fabricated using oil-in-water emulsification and ionic gelation. The optimal formulation consisted of an ALG:CS mass ratio of 0.015:1, 0.71 % w/v TweenTM 80, and 5 mg/mL FX concentrations. The resulting FXALG/CS-NPs had a size of 227 +/- 23 nm, a zeta potential of 35.3 +/- 1.7 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 81.2 +/- 2.8 %. These nanoparticles exhibited enhanced stability under simulated environmental conditions and controlled FX release in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Furthermore, FX-ALG/CS-NPs showed increased in vitro oral bioaccessibility, gastrointestinal stability, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effect, and cytotoxicity against various cancer cells. The findings suggest that ALG/CS-NPs are effective nanocarriers for the delivery of FX in nutraceuticals, functional foods, and pharmaceuticals.