Surgical management of macular holes: techniques, outcomes, and treatment of special cases

IntroductionFull-thickness macular hole is a visually significant condition with a very high surgical anatomical closure rate.Areas coveredA literature review was performed focusing on surgical techniques for macular holes. What is known about the underlying anatomy and pathophysiology of macular hole formation is applied to surgical techniques that address the mechanisms for hole closure.Expert opinionWhile anatomic and functional success can be achieved at high rates, much is yet to be learned about the molecular and microstructural changes resulting from surgical manipulation. These insights will help guide novel techniques for complex cases which still suffer from suboptimal surgical outcomes.