A Lignan from Alnus japonica Activates Myogenesis and Alleviates Dexamethasone-induced Myotube Atrophy

To find inhibitors against skeletal muscle loss, we isolated a lignan compound ((-)-(2 R ,3 R -1,4-O-diferuloylsecoisolarciresinol, DFS) from the stem of Alnus japonica . C2C12 myoblasts were treated with DFS during differentiation. To induce an in vitro atrophic condition, differentiated myotubes were treated with dexamethasone (a synthetic glucocorticoid). DFS (10 nM) increased expression levels of myogenic factors and the number of multi-nucleated myotubes expressing myosin heavy chain (MHC). The myogenic potential of DFS could be attributed to p38 MAPK activation. DFS also protected against dexamethasone-induced damage, showing increased expression of MHC and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a major anabolic factor. Under atrophic condition, the anti-myopathy effect of DFS was associated with inactivation of NF- kappa B signaling pathway and the subsequent suppression of muscle degradative E3 ligases and myostatin. DFS treatment also restored fast muscle fiber (type II a, II b, and II x), known to be susceptible to dexamethasone. These results indicate that DFS isolated from A. japonica can stimulate myogenesis via p38 MAPK activation and alleviate muscle atrophy by modulating the expression of genes associated with muscle protein anabolism/catabolism. Thus, we propose that DFS can be used as a pharmacological and nutraceutical agent for increasing muscle strength or protecting muscle loss.