Advances in Quantum Machine Learning and Deep Learning for Image Classification: A Survey

Image classification, which is a fundamental element of Computer Vision (CV) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), has been researched intensively in numerous domains and embedded in many products. However, with the exponential increase in the number of images and the complexity of the required tasks, deep-learning classifica-tion algorithms demand more intensive resources and computational power to train the models and update the massive number of parameters. Quantum computing is a new research technology with a promising capability of exponential speed up and operational parallelization with its unique phenomena including superposition and entanglement. Researchers have already started utilizing Quantum Deep Learning (QDL) and Quantum Machine Learning (QML) in image classification. Yet, to our knowledge, there exists no comprehensive published literature review on quantum image classification. Therefore, this paper analyzes the advances in this field by dividing the studies based on a unique taxonomy, discussing the limitations, summarizing essential aspects of each research, and finally, emphasizing the gaps, challenges, and recommendations. One of the key challenges presented in the paper is that quantum computers are in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era, where they contain a limited number of noisy qubits, therefore challenging complex quantum classifiers and complex images from advanced datasets. This research recommends constructing a novel quantum image encoding method that adapts to the available number of qubits and enables RGB images as a critical contribution to the existing research.