Volatile Organic Compounds in the North China Plain: Characteristics, Sources, and Effects on Ozone Formation

Enhanced volatile organic compounds (VOCs) observations were made on ozone-exceeding days in June 2020 in Linyi, China. A total of 69 VOCs were collected (1 alkyne, 29 alkanes, 10 alkenes, 14 aromatic hydrocarbons, and 15 oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs)). The average concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 36.0 +/- 0.66 ppb, and the top three VOCs components were alkanes, OVOCs, and aromatic hydrocarbons, which accounted for 40.75%, 27.02%, and 11.30%, respectively. Based on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, the main sources of VOCs in Linyi City were divided into vehicle exhaust sources (39.11%), biomass combustion sources (21.82%), oil and gas volatilization sources (21.46%), and solvent use sources (17.61%). The ozone formation potential (OFP) contribution rate was dominated by alkenes, OVOCs, and aromatics, with contribution rates of 26.37%, 25.30%, and 23.65%, respectively. The top six VOCs that contributed the most to the OFP were formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 1-butene, butadiene, trans-2-butene, and propylene. The empirical kinetic modelling approach (EKMA) curve indicated that the in situ ozone (O-3) production was limited by VOCs, and reducing the concentration of O-3 precursors in accordance with the VOCs/NOx concentration ratio of 1.15 can control O-3 pollution more effectively.