Differentially expressed protein-coding genes in ankylosing spondylitis: Emerging insights into pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic, progressive inflammatory rheumatic disease affecting the spine, axial skeleton, and sacroiliac joints. Pathogenesis of AS encompasses enthesitis, synovitis, and osteoproliferation, leading to the formation of syndesmophytes, ankylosis, and spinal rigidity. Bioinformatics, an interdisciplinary field combining computer science, mathematics, and biology, enables the analysis of complex biological data for investigating AS pathogenesis. This review summarizes differentially expressed protein-coding genes in peripheral blood or local tissues of AS patients compared with healthy controls and comprehensively reviews currently available therapeutic agents. The objective is to enhance the understanding of AS pathogenesis, inform diagnosis, identify novel therapeutic targets, and facilitate personalized medicine. This review contributes to a deeper understanding of AS pathogenesis and provides a foundation for developing innovative therapeutic approaches.