Progress in electrochemical analysis of sports doping substances with two-dimensional materials

This review provides an insightful exploration into the emerging field of electrochemical analysis in sports doping using two-dimensional (2D) materials. It delves into the intricacies of how advanced materials like graphene, TMDs, hBN, and MXenes are revolutionizing doping detection methods. Emphasizing their high surface area, exceptional conductivity, and versatile functionalization capabilities, the review discusses how these properties enable the fabrication of sensors with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. It also covers the current challenges in doping detection, including substance diversity and detection in complex biological matrices, while underscoring the potential of these novel materials in creating more efficient, rapid, and reliable testing methods. The review critically examines various applications of these materials in detecting an array of doping substances, from steroids to stimulants and peptide hormones, highlighting the significant progress and potential future advancements in the field.