A Trading Mode Based on the Management of Residual Electric Energy in Electric Vehicles

Aiming at the distributed resources of electric vehicles with photovoltaics (PVs) on the user side, a trading mode of surplus energy sharing for electric vehicles based on the user-side PVs is proposed by utilizing the bidirectional mobility of information and energy. Power transfer can be implemented between different electric vehicle users through vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology with a reasonable distribution of benefits taken into account. First, the operational framework of electric energy trading is presented, and the transmission architecture of each body of interest in the system is analyzed. Second, the portraits of EV users' charging behaviors are established considering their different charging habits, and electric vehicle users are divided into electricity buyers and sellers in each trading time period. An electricity transaction model based on "multi-seller-multi-buyer" is established, and all electricity transactions are realized through blockchain-based decentralized technology. Finally, the benefit to each interest group is maximized using the improved Northern Goshawk Optimization (NGO) algorithm. Simulation results of a sample system indicate that the new power trading mode proposed in this study could lead to reasonable reuse of the electric energy of private electric vehicles and can achieve a win-win situation for all stakeholders.