Historical flood reconstruction in a torrential alpine catchment and its implication for flood hazard assessments

Flood marks and descriptions of past floods in archival records are valuable sources of information to complement the often short - and sometimes lacunary - systematic records provided by gauge stations, especially in mountain and smaller catchments for which the network of recording stations is still fragmentary. Yet, historical accounts of floods are only rarely used to calculate discharge during past floods and to complement estimates of flood frequency and magnitude. This is because the definition of flood types and the reconstruction of past topography of the now urbanized riverscapes is often challenging. Here, we employ an approach by which we combine (i) archival (1331-1965) and continuous gauge (1966-2020) records of past floods, (ii) information on past topography and mitigation measures found on topographic maps and contemporary documents specifying the dimensions of contemporary engineering plans and (iii) a hydraulic model to derive a c. 700-year history of flood activity and related discharges for the Saltina River, Brig-Glis (Valais, Swiss Alps). Periods of increased flood activity match with flood-rich episodes in the Rhone River and high lake levels at Lago Maggiore (Ticino), and the time series passes stationarity tests since at least 1828 CE. For a total of 32 floods occurring prior to the installation of the gauge station in 1966, we provide discharges following a descriptive classification, and demonstrate that major floods occurred in 1755 (similar to 140 m(3)s(-1)), 1828 (similar to 160 m(3)s(-1)), and 1921 (similar to 120 m(3)s(-1)). We also evidence that the construction of mitigation measures has contributed to a reduction in flood frequency, but that the occurrence of extraordinary floods has again been on the rise since the early 21st century.