Hydrological effects of the conversion of tropical montane forest to agricultural land in the central Andes of Peru

Agricultural expansion is one of the main causes of deforestation of tropical montane forests in the central Andes of Peru. The hydrological impacts of converting forests to cropland are well known; however, an issue that is not entirely clear is related to the hydrological effects that can result from the conversion of montane forests to agroforestry systems and the recovery of the hydrological functions of montane forests after a disturbance. In this study, we compare the hydrological processes of different land covers previously modified by agricultural expansion, in order to determine the impact of the conversion of tropical montane forest to agricultural land on the ecosystem service of water provision and regulation. To achieve this, we establish study plots in four land cover types located in the central Andes of Peru (mature montane forest (BMC), natural regenerating secondary forest (BMR), coffee agroforestry systems (AF), and cropland (C)), for the purpose of measuring the vegetation structure and soil properties in them, and subsequently carry out a soil water balance in each plot to calculate the actual evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and groundwater recharge. The results revealed the following percentages (based on precipitation) for the hydrological components in the four land cover types: annual actual evapotranspiration-BMR (41.2%), AF (40.4%), BMC (40.0%), and C (38.0%); annual surface runoff-C (16.1%), BMC (8.3%), BMR (5.2%), and AF (4.6%); and annual groundwater recharge-AF (43.0%), BMR (41.6%), C (34.0%), and BMC (31.7%). Furthermore, the study also examined the relationship between vegetation structure and the hydrological components across the four land cover types. The findings indicated that the reduction of thicker and taller trees could increase surface runoff generation, whereas the presence of thinner and shorter trees could facilitate groundwater recharge. These results shed light on the complex interactions between land cover types, vegetation structure, and hydrological processes, emphasizing the importance of considering these factors in water resource management and land use planning.