Antibacterial activity of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using Kombucha extract

Antibacterial resistance is a growing global vital medical problem when the innovation and development of new antibiotics are dwindling. Different nanomaterials were synthesized and developed as safe and effective alternative antimicrobial agents. The current study highlights the effect of the antibacterial activity of newly biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) obtained from Kombucha extract. Production of ZnO NPs was optimized and the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Zeta potential and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. The optimum conditions for ZnO NPs production were at temperature 30 degrees C, pH 9 and 25 mM of Zn(NO3)2.6H2O. The ZnO NPs biosynthesis was detected in the extract within 24 h. at 35 degrees C in dark conditions. The XRD pattern displayed 100, 101, 110, and 103 crystal planes. FTIR spectrum showed bands of 1 degrees and 2 degrees amines at 2922.6 cm-1 and a stretching vibration band of vinyl at 1657.5 cm-1. In addition, the results confirmed the positive charge (19 +/- 3 mV) and crystalline nature of spherical-shaped ZnO NPs with an average size of 23 +/- 1.5 nm. The antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs was tested against different American-type culture collection strains. ZnO NPs exhibited minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of 25 mu g/ml against Escherichia coli ATCC25922, 30 mu g/ml against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, 35 mu g/ml against Serratia liquefaciens OQ071699.1 and S. saprophyticus OQ071703.1 and 40 mu g/ml against Lysinibacillus fusiformis OQ071701.1 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC33495. Ultrastructure TEM study of the treated bacteria by MIC of ZnO NPs confirmed their highly toxic action on the bacterial cell wall, resulting in bacterial cell membrane rupture. Treated bacteria appeared as extensively damaged cells with the formation of vacuoles and lipids. The provided approach of ZnO NPs in combination with Kombucha SCOBY has a promising future in overcoming bacterial resistance problems in place of using antibiotics. A green, cheap, and facile approach was used to biosynthesize ZnO NPs.Optimal concentrations of Zn(NO3)2.6H2O solution, concentrations of cell-free Kombucha biomass extract, incubation periods, pH values, and temperatures enhance ZnO NPs biosynthesis performance.Incorporation of ZnO NPs to Kombucha SCOBY is more effective for increasing its antibacterial activity than single SCOBY.