Sustainable construction project of electric vehicle charging stations: A risk-based hybrid decision-making approach

Nowadays, a serious environmental challenge is the pollution emitted by combustion engine vehicles. Govern-ments have found that replacing these with electric vehicles (EVs) is a viable solution for sustainable trans-portation. The sustainable operation of fast charging stations for EVs is a critical parameter in these vehicles' popularity. Herein, a propose a model for the sustainable evaluation of energy sources of charging stations based on the R-numbers and combined compromise solution method (R-COCOSO). The construction of EV charging stations is done based on new and developing technologies, and they are often expensive, complex, and high-risk. Thus, we developed the combinative distance-based assessment (CODAS) method based on R-numbers to assess the project risk. Moreover, a linear programming model was developed to assess the contractors' risk response and the optimal allocation of their workload based on R-numbers and the epsilon-constraint approach. A real case of building charging stations in Tehran, Iran, was presented to test the accuracy of the model.