History of participation of political parties in election campaigns of Kazakhstan of the XX century

The purpose of the study is to analyze the history of the participation of political parties in election campaigns held in the territory since the beginning of the twentieth century. The study was prepared on the basis of archival materials from the funds of Russia and Kazakhstan, publications in newspapers and magazines issued in the period under study, scientific articles and monographs of both Kazakhstani and Russian scientists, regulatory legal acts adopted by state bodies on the electoral system. The electoral system is one of the effective factors in the formation of the highest bodies of state power and local selfgovernment in the conditions of a developed multiparty system. Under the one-party totalitarian regime, elections do not perform their elective function and lose their true meaning, as was the case, for example, under Soviet rule. Therefore, the article focuses on the pre-Soviet and post-Soviet period of participation of political parties in elections to the highest representative bodies: to the State Duma until October 1917 and to the Supreme Council, and then to the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Despite the chaos in the Russian Empire after the abdication of the tsar and the establishment of the Provisional Government in the elections to the State Duma, along with the parties of the Cadets, Social Revolutionaries, Bolsheviks, monarchists and other political parties operating in Kazakhstan, the parties of the national outskirts took part. Among them were the parties "Alash", " Ush zhuz "," Shuro - and - Islamia "," Shuro - and - ulemia ". After the independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan was declared, its electoral system was radically modernized. The Election Code (1993) was adopted, a permanent election commission was created, a majoritarian and then proportional electoral systems were introduced. The election, bypassing the constituencies, of 9 deputies of the Mazhilis directly by the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, representing the interests of all ethnic groups, permanently residing citizens in the republic, has become a new practice in the world electoral system.