Potential of biogenic and non-biogenic waste materials as flocculant for algal biomass harvesting: Mechanism, parameters, challenges and future prospects

In this review article, waste materials (biogenic/non-biogenic) are focused as the flocculants for harvesting of algal biomass. Chemical flocculants are widely utilized for the effective harvesting of algal biomass at a commercial scale while the high cost is a major drawback. The waste materials-based flocculants (WMBF) are started to utilize as one of the cost-effective performance for dual benefits of waste minimization and reuse for sustainable recovery of biomass. The novelty of the article is articulated with the objective that presents an insight of WMBF, classification of WMBF, preparation methods of WMBF, mechanisms of flocculation, factors affecting flocculation-mechanism, challenges and future recommendations that are required for harvesting of algae. The WMBF are shown similar flocculation mechanisms and flocculation efficiencies as chemical flocculants. Thus, the utilization of waste material for the flocculation process of algal cells minimizes the waste load into the environment and transforms the waste materials into valuable resources.