Waste to functions: Construction of a novel solar-thermal conversion material based on sludge-derived carbon dots via Ca-in-situ-functionalization for efficient solar-driven water evaporation

Solar interface water evaporator (SIWE) based on waste-derived carbon dots (CDs) are highly promising for large-scale production applications in the future, due to their low-cost, eco-friendly, and tunable structure and properties. However, there are still obstacles, including limited performance, blind selection of waste materials, and unknown underlying mechanisms between waste properties and the physicochemical properties of derived CDs. In this study, a novel CDs-based wooden SIWE derived from paper mill sludge (PMS) was constructed (called ESCDs-wood). Under 1 sun, ESCDs rapidly heated up from 15.6 degrees C to 53.5 degrees C and reached stability within 10 mins. The solar-thermal conversion efficiency of ESCDs was as high as 137.58 %, and the ESCDs-wood achieved a high evaporation rate of 2.94 kg m(-2)h(-1). Moreover, the ESCDs-wood cost about $9 to complete 1 m(2) evaporation. Meanwhile, the ESCDs-wood exhibited long-term stability, after 20 cycles, its solar-thermal conversion efficiency and water evaporation rate remained at 84.21 % and 85.03 % of the initial test, respectively. Moreover, the Ca-doping was found to be a key factor in effectively enhancing the solar-thermal conversion and the thermal stability of ESCDs, and the exact role of Ca-doping on the solar-thermal conversion performance enhancement of CDs was validated and revealed. Therefore, this study not only constructed a cost-effectiveness, high performance, sustainability, chemical-free, and eco-friendly SIWE, but also innovatively proposed the functionalization mechanism of Ca-doping for CDs and thus provided a new sight for the targeted regulation and design of CDs.