Gut microbiota and metabolomics profiles in patients with chronic stable angina and acute coronary syndrome

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. The gut microbiota and its associated metabolites may be involved in the development and progression of CVD, although the mechanisms and impact on clinical outcomes are not fully understood. This study investigated the gut microbiome profile and associated metabolites in patients with chronic stable angina (CSA) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) compared with healthy controls. Bacterial alpha diversity in stool from patients with ACS or CSA was comparable to healthy controls at both baseline and follow-up visits. Differential abundance analysis identified operational taxonomic units (OTUs) assigned to commensal taxa differentiating patients with ACS from healthy controls at both baseline and follow-up. Patients with CSA and ACS had significantly higher levels of trimethylamine N-oxide compared with healthy controls (CSA: 0.032 +/- 0.023 mmol/L, P < 0.01 vs. healthy, and ACS: 0.032 +/- 0.023 mmol/L, P = 0.02 vs. healthy, respectively). Patients with ACS had reduced levels of propionate and butyrate (119 +/- 4 vs. 139 +/- 5.1 <mu>M, P = 0.001, and 14 +/- 4.3 vs. 23.5 +/- 8.1 mu M, P < 0.001, respectively), as well as elevated serum sCD14 (2245 +/- 75.1 vs. 1834 +/- 45.8 ng/mL, P < 0.0001) and sCD163 levels (457.3 +/- 31.8 vs. 326.8 +/- 20.7 ng/mL, P = 0.001), compared with healthy controls at baseline. Furthermore, a modified small molecule metabolomic and lipidomic signature was observed in patients with CSA and ACS compared with healthy controls. These findings provide evidence of a link between gut microbiome composition and gut bacterial metabolites with CVD. Future time course studies in patients to observe temporal changes and subsequent associations with gut microbiome composition are required to provide insight into how these are affected by transient changes following an acute coronary event.