The Importance of Attachment for Human Beings and Dogs - Implications for Dog-Assisted Psychotherapy

Attachment theory is known as an important therapeutic foundation. Establishing a secure attachment to a caregiver is equally relevant for the mental health of both humans and dogs. A bond can be formed between humans and dogs that is comparable to the attachment between mother and child. Patients with adverse attachment experiences often struggle to maintain stable relationships due to internal working models. Building a therapeutic alliance can also be challenging. On the other hand, establishing a relationship with a dog seems to be successful for patients with adverse attachment experiences. Inclusion of a therapy dog provides them with the opportunity for experiences of trustful relationships. These experiences can then be transferred to the therapist. Later on, internal working models of the patients can indeed come into play in the relationship with the dog. The resulting patterns of relationship can become visible in the interaction with the dog. Within the therapeutic triade of patient, therapy dog and therapist, these patterns can be reflected and integrated into the therapy process. However, achieving this requires a targeted and professionally grounded use of the dog. If dogs are employed with a therapeutic purpose but without professional guidance, there is a risk of reestablishing insecure attachment patterns, which could potentially lead to more disadvantages than benefits for both humans and dogs.