Characterizing precipitation uncertainties in a high-altitudinal permafrost watershed of the Tibetan plateau based on regional water balance and hydrological model simulations

Study region: the source region of the Yangtze River (SRYR) Study focus: Precipitation uncertainties significantly impact water resource management, while the uncertainties of various precipitation products are not fully investigated due to the lack of observations, especially in high-altitudinal permafrost areas. In this study, we selected nine products representing three types of precipitation, including gauge-based, satellite-based and merged products, and conducted a comprehensive evaluation using regional water balance method and hydrological model simulations. New hydrological insights for the region: Our results indicate most precipitation products can replicate the observed precipitation decreasing trend with increasing elevation below 4500 m, but trends vary at higher elevations. The gauge-based precipitation products with bias correction outperform others, while most satellite-based products underestimate precipitation. The water -balance based evaluation shows a merged product (TPHiPr), and two gauge-based products perform best, followed by a satellite-based product (MSWEP). Process-based model simulations driven by selected precipitation products can reproduce daily runoff processes well in the entire SRYR (NSE = 0.68-0.86), but the performance degraded in the high-altitudinal Tuotuohe sub -basin (NSE = 0.08-0.76). The runoff coefficients comparisons in these two regions also indicate the possible deficiencies of precipitation products in the high-altitudinal regions. Our results highlight the challenges of current precipitation products in characterizing the spatial and tem-poral precipitation changes in the high-altitudinal permafrost regions, and call for more accurate products in these areas.