Nonlinear structure and growth rate of solitary waves for extended Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation in plasma having (r, q) distribution electrons

The Reductive Perturbation Technique (RPT) is used to investigate ion acoustic waves (IAWs) in magnetized plasmas made up of electrons obeying the generalized form of (r,q) distribution. The analysis makes use of the Extended Zakharov-Kuznetsov (EZK) equation and the hydrodynamic theory of plasmas. The study investigates the effects of electron flatness (r) at low energy and superthermal (q) at high energy on the characteristics of IAWs, and the solutions to the EZK equation are plotted for different values of the plasma characteristics, such as the total ion cyclotron frequency, the ion to electron temperature ratio, and the ion-specific heat. The research goes into great detail to estimate the instability threshold and growth rate of these waves by applying a small-k perturbation technique. Overall, this investigation contributes to the better understanding of ion acoustic structures in space plasmas.