How to treat isolated distal deep vein thrombosis

Isolated distal deep vein thrombosis (IDDVT) is a frequent manifestation of venous thromboembolism (VTE), accounting for up to 50% cases of lower -extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT). As compared with proximal DVT, IDDVT is more frequently associated with transient risk factors and less often occurs unprovoked or in the presence of permanent risk factors. IDDVT generally carries a significantly lower risk of proximal extension, post-thrombotic syndrome, and recurrence than proximal DVT. Nevertheless, some patient subgroups, such as those with active cancer, other predisposing permanent risk factors, prior VTE, unprovoked IDDVT, persistently restricted mobility, and trifurcation or bilateral involvement, exhibit a non-negligible recurrence risk. Unlike in proximal DVT, the optimal therapeutic management of IDDVT remains uncertain. In clinical practice, the vast majority of IDDVT patients are managed with anticoagulation rather than with surveillance serial compression ultrasonography, which tends to be reserved to individuals at a high bleeding risk. Available data seem to favor anticoagulant therapy over no anticoagulation, thanks to a significant reduction in the risk for proximal extension and recurrence, without increased bleeding risk. Recent results of the RIDTS (Rivaroxaban for the Treatment of Symp-tomatic Isolated Distal Deep Vein Thrombosis) randomized clinical trial with rivaroxaban further support the use of anticoagulant therapy for 3 months over shorter durations (eg, <= 6 weeks). In this review, we offer an updated overview of the epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical course of IDDVT, with a focus on the therapeutic management in light of current guideline recommendations and most recent evidence. We also present real-life clinical cases of IDDVT with proposed therapeutic approaches, and highlight major challenges and gaps in this field.