Characteristics and provenances of rare earth elements and Nd isotopes in surface sediments of mangrove wetlands in the Jiulong River Estuary, China

Rare earth elements (REEs) and Nd isotopes are frequently employed to determine provenance, although their characteristics and provenances in the surface sediments of mangrove wetlands are rarely analyzed. In this study, a thorough analysis of the characteristics and provenances of REEs and Nd isotopes in the surface sediments of mangrove wetland in the Jiulong River Estuary was carried out. According to the results, the mean concentration of REEs in the surface sediments was 290.9 mg center dot kg(-1), which was greater than the background value. Unpolluted to moderately polluted for La and Ce, as well as a moderate ecological risk for Lu, were indicated by the geoaccumulation index (I-geo) and potential ecological risk of individual factors (E-r(i)), respectively. The surface sediments showed substantial negative Eu anomalies but no significant Ce anomalies. The enrichments in LREE and flat HREE patterns are visible in the chondrite-normalized REE patterns. REEs in the surface sediments might be attributed to both natural sources (granite and magmatic rocks) and anthropogenic activities, including coal combustion, vehicle exhaust, steel smelting, and fertilizer, based on the (La/Yb)(N)- n-ary sumation REE and ternary (La/Yb)(N)-(La/Sm)(N)-(Gd/Yb)(N) plots. The three-dimensional SLREE/SHREE-Eu/Eu*-eNd(0) plot, when combined with the Nd isotope, further demonstrated that the REEs in the surface sediments appeared to have come from additional nonlocal potential sources.