Sex-specific differences in the metabolic enzyme activity and transporter levels in mouse skeletal muscle during postnatal development

Although sex-associated differences in energy metabolism in adults are well-characterized, developmental sex-specific changes in skeletal muscle metabolism are largely unknown. This study investigated sex differences in high-energy phosphate, glycolytic, and mitochondrial enzyme activities and metabolite transporter protein levels in mouse skeletal muscles during the early postnatal period (day 10), post-weaning (day 28), sexual maturity (day 56), and adult life (day 140). No significant sex-specific differences were observed on days 10 and 28, except for glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 level. The hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities of skeletal muscle were higher and the citrate synthase, cytochrome c oxidase, and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities were lower in female mice than those in male mice on days 56 and 140. The GLUT4 and FAT/CD36 protein levels were higher and the monocarboxylate transporter 4 level was lower in the skeletal muscles of female mice than those of male mice, particularly on days 56 and 140. At 140 days of age, the respiratory exchange ratio during treadmill running (15 m/min, 60 min) was lower in females than that in males, despite no sex differences at rest. In summary, sex differences were not evident in the early postnatal and post-weaning periods but became apparent after the mice reached sexual maturity. These findings indicate that sexually mature animals are a better model for investigating sex differences, particularly in the context of studying energy metabolism in mice.