A methodology to characterize 4D post-failure slope instability dynamics using remote sensing measurements: A case study of the Aniangzhai landslide in Sichuan, Southwest China

A massive landslide often causes long-lasting instability dynamics that need to be analyzed in detail for risk management and mitigation. Multiple satellite remote sensing observations, in-situ measurements, and geophysical approaches have been jointly implemented to monitor and interpret the life cycle of landslides and their failure mechanisms from various perspectives. In this work, we propose a framework where satellite optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing techniques are combined with feature extractions using independent component analysis (ICA) and a mathematical relaxation model to assess the complete four-dimensional (4D) spatiotemporal patterns of post-failure slope evolution. The large, deep-seated Aniangzhai landslide in Southwest China that occurred on 17 June 2020 is comprehensively analyzed and characterized for its post-failure mechanism. Time series of Planet high-resolution optical images are first explored to derive the large horizontal motions for the first six months after the failure. Spatiotemporal dynamics of line-of-sight (LOS) displacement in the landslide body are then derived between November 2020 and February 2022 by combining 40 TerraSAR-X (TSX) High-resolution Spotlight (HS) images and 76 medium-resolution Sentinel-1 (S1) SAR datasets using Multi-temporal InSAR (MTI) method. The InSAR-derived results are subsequently analyzed with ICA to find common deformation components of points between optical and MTI results, indicating the same temporal evolution in the deformation pattern. Finally, the complete 4D deformation field for the whole post -failure period is modeled using a decaying exponential model representing stress relaxation after the failure by integrating multiple remote sensing datasets. Cross-correlation analysis of Planet imagery shows a decaying exponential pattern of post-failure displacements with an approximately 94% reduction in the deformation rate after six months with respect to the co-failure event. MTI analysis suggests a maximum LOS displacement rate of approximately 30 cm/year over the main failure body from November 2020 to February 2022; while the high-resolution TSX datasets show irreplaceable advantages in choosing the number of measurement points in MTI analysis with the number of measurement points being five times larger than those obtained by S1 datasets. The ICA analysis reveals three main types of kinematic patterns in the temporal evolution of post-failure deformation in MTI results, the dominant one being an exponential declining pattern similar to the results from Planet observations. Integrated 4D deformation modeling suggests that the most significant post-failure displacement mainly occurred toward the west, amounting to 28 m during the entire post-failure acquisitions from June 2020 until February 2022. Additionally, maximum displacements of 17 m and 19 m occurred in this period toward the north and downward, respectively.