Pharmacy practice in hospital settings in GCC countries: Dispensing and administration

Purpose: To outline dispensing and administration practices in hospital pharmacy across the Gulf Cooperation Councils (GCC) countries' hospitals. Paucity of data in appraising hospital pharmacy practice in GCC regions motivated us to conduct this study.Methods: A modified survey questionnaire was prepared from the American Society of Health-System Pharmacist (ASHP) survey questions. Three major domains of questions for general characteristics of the medication use process for dispensing and administration were identified. These were, specialIntscript medication distribution system, and medication distribution technology, specialIntscript technology used to compound sterile preparations, compounding I.V. medication and method of compounding nutrition support preparations, specialIntscript medication administration practices, medication orders, medication administration records (MARs), and technician activities. A list of hospitals was obtained from the Ministry of Health of the targeted GCC countries. A secure invitation link containing a survey questionnaire was sent to the participants directly.Results: Sixty-four hospitals responded to this survey. The overall response rate was 52%. Most surveyed hospitals have centralized inpatient medications distribution system (75.0%). About 37.5% of hospitals used automated dispensing cabinets (ADCs) in their patient care areas. Compounding sterile preparations in the pharmacy, barcode verification technology, workflow management technology, and robotic tech-nology were used by 17.2%, 15.6%, and 4.7% of hospitals, respectively. In using safety technology for med-ication administration, almost all hospitals have partially or completely implemented an electronic health record (EHR). About 40.6% of hospitals used electronic medication administration records (e-MARs), 20.3% used bar-code-assisted medication administration (BCMA), and 35.9% used smart infusion pumps.Conclusion: The results of this survey revealed an opportunity to improve the medication use manage-ment process on dispensing and administration practices in hospitals in GCC countries.(c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).