Soil seed bank dynamics of two invasive alien plants in Nigeria: implications for ecosystem restoration

The assessment of seed banks could provide useful hints towards ensuring restoration planning and invasive species management. In this study, the impacts of two invaders such as Hyptis suaveolens and Urena lobata on the soil seed banks were investigated. We also assessed the seed characteristics of the invaders at the invaded sites. This was achieved using 10 sites each for H. suaveolens- and U. lobata-invaded habitats and -non-invaded habitats making a total of 30 sites. We collected 200 soil samples from each habitat type. A seedling emergence method was used to determine the seed bank recruitment of both invasive plants. The diversity indices of the above-ground vegetation of sites invaded by the two plants were significantly lower than those of the non-invaded sites. Only two plant species emerged from the seed banks of H. suaveolens and five plants from those of U. lobata when compared with non-invaded sites where 53 species emerged. A larger portion of the seeds was located in the soil's lower layer at all the sites invaded by H. suaveolens while those of U. lobata and non-invaded sites were found in the upper layers and there are significant associations between the habitats. The lower soil layers of the two species have the highest percentage of viable seeds. These results help us to understand more about the invasiveness of both species as related to their impacts on the seed banks and native vegetation. It also indicates that the native species that emerged from the invaded seed banks could be used for the restoration of the invaded habitats. Our study assessed the seed banks of two stubborn invasive plants (Hyptis suaveolens and Urena lobata ), towards ensuring restoration planning and management of affected sites in Nigeria. We discovered that these plants have greatly affected their seed banks and the standing vegetations. However, native plants such as Oryza barthii , Heterotis rotundifolia and Celosia argentea which emerged from the seed banks of both plants could be used as restorers of the affected sites. These results help us to understand more about the invasiveness of both plant species as related to their impacts on the seed banks and native vegetation.