Modeling and experimental evaluation of membrane distillation aimed at urine treatment for direct potable reuse in space stations

Improving wastewater reuse systems represents a game changer for the economy of space exploration activities. The goal of this research is to evaluate direct contact membrane distillation for the treatment of urine aimed at direct potable reuse in space stations. A transient, 2-D model able to predict the membrane distillation system behavior under different operating conditions is developed. The model is validated by experimental tests conducted with a synthetic urine-like feed solution, considering both productivity and final water quality. The water flux and quality analyses imply high rejection of soluble salts and organics. However, direct water reuse may be compromised by the ammonia passage. A sensitivity analysis is thus performed to investigate the effects of feed pH, temperature, and cross-flow velocity on water flux and ammonia passage. The system shows the capability of treating 8 L of urine up to 90-95 % recovery rate, during 10 h of daily operation at 40 degrees C feed and 20 degrees C distillate inlet temperatures. This amount is sufficient to satisfy four crew members while meeting high system compactness. Concurrently, the ammonia passage may be limited by lowering the feed pH, thus easing the posttreatment steps necessary for safe direct reuse.