Early response monitoring during [177Lu]Lu-PSMA I&T therapy with quantitated SPECT/CT predicts overall survival of mCRPC patients: subgroup analysis of a Swiss-wide prospective registry study

Purpose To assess early tumor response with quantitated SPECT/CT and to correlate it with clinical outcome in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients treated with (177)Lutetium-PSMA I&T therapy.Methods Single-center, observational study, part of the prospective Swiss national cancer registry study investigating the safety and efficacy of [Lu-177]Lu-PSMA I&T (EKNZ: 2021-01271) in mCRPC patients treated with at least two cycles of [Lu-177]Lu-PSMA I&T 6-weekly. After the first and second cycle quantitated SPECT/CT (Symbia Intevo, Siemens) was acquired 48 h after injection (three fields of view from head to thigh, 5 s/frame) and reconstructed using xQuant (R) (48i, 1 s, 10-mm Gauss). Image analysis: The PSMA-positive total tumor volumes (TTV) were semi-automatically delineated using a SUV threshold of 3 with MIMencore (R) (version 7.1.3, Medical Image Merge Software Inc.). Changes in TTV, highest tumor SUVmax, and total tumor SUVmean between cycles 1 and 2 were calculated and grouped into a) stable or decrease and b) increase. Serum PSA levels were assessed at each therapy cycle and at follow-up until progression or death. Changes in TTV, PSA, SUVmax, and SUVmean were correlated with PSA-progression-free survival (PSA-PFS) and the overall survival (OS) using the Kaplan-Meier methodology (log-rank test).Results Between 07/2020 and 04/2022, 111 patients were screened and 73 finally included in the data analysis. The median follow-up was 8.9 months (range 1.4-26.6 months). Stable or decreased TTV at cycle 2 was associated with longer OS (hazard ratio (HR) 0.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.09-0.86, p < 0.01). Similar, stable, or decreased PSA was associated with longer OS (HR 0.21; CI 0.07-0.62, p < 0.01) and PSA-PFS (HR 0.34; 95% CI 0.16-0.72, p < 0.01). Combining TTV and PSA will result in an augmented prognostic value for OS (HR 0.09; CI 0.01-0.63; p < 0.01) and for PSA-PFS (HR 0.11; CI 0.02-0.68; p < 0.01). A reduction of SUVmax or SUVmean was not prognostically relevant, neither for OS (p 0.88 and 0.7) nor for PSA-PFS (p 0.73 and 0.62, respectively).Conclusion Six weeks after initiating [Lu-177]Lu-PSMA I&T, TTV and serum PSA appear to be good prognosticators for OS. Combined together, TTV + PSA change demonstrates augmented prognostic value and can better predict PSA-PFS. Larger studies using TTV change prospectively as an early-response biomarker are warranted for implementing management change towards a more personalized clinical practice.