Conserved angio-immune subtypes of the tumor microenvironment predict response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has revolutionized cancer treatment. However, only a fraction of patients respond to ICB therapy. Accurate prediction of patients to likely respond to ICB would maximize the efficacy of ICB therapy. The tumor microenvironment (TME) dictates tumor progression and therapy outcome. Here, we classify the TME by analyzing the transcriptome from 11,069 cancer patients based on angiogenesis and T cell activity. We find three distinct angio-immune TME subtypes conserved across 30 non-hematological cancers. There is a clear inverse relationship between angiogenesis and anti-tumor im-munity in TME. Remarkably, patients displaying TME with low angiogenesis with strong anti-tumor immunity show the most significant responses to ICB therapy in four cancer types. Re-evaluation of the renal cell car-cinoma clinical trials provides compelling evidence that the baseline angio-immune state is robustly predic-tive of ICB responses. This study offers a rationale for incorporating baseline angio-immune scores for future ICB treatment strategies.