Special Populations Treatment-Resistant Depression in Children and Adolescents

This review highlights existing challenges and the limited evidence base for TRD in chil-dren and adolescents. Although this is a common and impairing condition in childhood, the related research base and clinical guidelines are underdeveloped. As many as 30% of all adolescents treated for depression will have recalcitrant symptoms. Data regarding TRD in children are even more limited. Future work should focus on the un-derlying neurophysiology and related biomarkers. Ideal future staging classifications will have translation utility for both clinical practice and research. Novel intervention development for the population is critical and this research should diverge from the standard approach of adapting adult treatment protocols for children and adolescents.