Effects of histamine and antihistamine on the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis during blood sucking

At the time of host attachment, ticks are very sensitive to histamine, but during rapid blood sucking they paradoxically require histamine. Using a rabbit model, we studied the effects of histamine and antihistamine during attachment and fast-feeding in differ-ent life stages of Haemaphysalis longicorns. We examined how they responded to hista-mine and antihistamine by analyzing the detachment rate, histology of feeding lesions, and post-feeding behavior. A significant difference (P< 0.01) was found in the detach-ment rate between experimental and control treatments throughout the observation pe-riod. Ticks exhibited a higher detachment rate (30.1%) at 12 h after histamine applica-tion during attachment time and on antihistamine-treated skin (25.4%) at 96 h during fast-feeding. After feeding on histamine-treated rabbits, the fully engorged body weights of larvae and nymphs were 0.7 +/- 0.36 mg and 3.5 +/- 0.65 mg, respectively. An average in-crease in body weight of 0.6 +/- 0.05 mg and 3.2 +/- 0.30 mg was observed for larvae and nymphs compared to the respective control weights. Nymphs and adults engorged after antihistamine treatment had an average body weight of 1.3 +/- 0.54 mg and 54 +/- 0.81 mg, respectively. An average decrease in body weight was observed in antihistamine-treated H. longicornis compared with control nymphs (3.3 +/- 0.42 mg) and adults (174 +/- 1.78 mg). Skin biopsies were collected after treatment, and differential histopathological charac-teristics were found between the treatment and control groups. Tick-infested skin col-lected from rabbits in the antihistamine-treated group lacked erythrocytes in the feeding pool, indicating that antihistamine impaired tick fast-feeding stage.