Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease from 1990 to 2019 Attributable to Dietary Factors

Background: Although dietary factors play a crucial role in the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the specific dietary risk factors vary across regions and require further investigation. Objective: We aimed to analyze the burden of CVD due to different dietary factors by sex, age, and sociodemographic index (SDI) for 204 countries and territories between 1990 and 2019.Methods: Data were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 and analyzed to determine population attributable fractions (PAFs), mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and trends thereof, for CVDs attributable to dietary risk factors from 1990 to 2019. We used a generalized linear model with a Gaussian distribution to calculate the estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) in CVD mortality and DALY rates attributable to dietary risk factors. We also used a comparative risk-assessment framework to estimate CVD mortality and DALYs attributable to dietary risk factors. Results: Approximately 40% of CVD mortality and DALY rates were attributable to dietary risk factors, with high-sodium intake, low whole grain intake, and low legume intake being the greatest dietary risk factors globally. Moreover, high SDI regions had the highest PAFs for CVD mortality and DALYs associated with high red and processed meat intake, middle SDI regions had the highest PAFs with high-sodium intake, and low SDI regions had the highest PAFs with low fruit and vegetable intake. The highest PAFs for CVD mortality and DALYs were associated with low whole grain intake in 13 and 9 regions, respectively.Conclusion: Reducing sodium intake and increasing whole grain and legume intake should be the top priority worldwide for improving regional diets and thereby decreasing CVD burdens. Other priorities should be set for regions with different SDIs, depending on the pre-dominant dietary risk factors for CVDs in the respective regions.