Operative vaginal delivery

The incidence of operative vaginal delivery in the United States is estimated to be 10-15% (I), and although these procedures are safe in appropriate circumstances, controversy about them persists. Recent reports have highlighted the potential for maternal and neonatal complications associated with operative vaginal delivery although the risks associated with alternative procedures also must be considered This document will address specific controversial issues about the use of forceps and vacuum extractors for operative vaginal delivery and present the available information on which to base decisions concerning their use. The technical aspects of the use of forceps and vacuum extractors are beyond the scope of this publication.