Cognitive and language outcomes for pediatric hearing loss with otologic surgery

Objectives: To test the hypothesis that surgical otologic intervention for any type of pediatric hearing loss decreases the odds for incident adverse cognitive and linguistic developmental outcomes. Study design: Retrospective cohort database study. Methods: Electronic medical record data from the TriNetX Research Network were queried for children with congenital, sensorineural, conductive, and mixed hearing loss (HL) between ages 0 and 5 years. Patients were further stratified by presence (HL + surgery) or absence (HL-surgery) of surgical intervention at any point following diagnosis, including cochlear implantation, tympanoplasty with or without mastoidectomy, and tympanostomy. Primary outcomes were defined as odds for new adverse cognitive or linguistic outcomes at any point given HL treatment status [odds ratio with 95% confidence interval, (OR; 95%CI, p-value)]. Cohorts were balanced using propensity-score matching (PSM) based on US census-defined demographics and clinically relevant congenital conditions. Results: Of 457,636 total patients included in the study, 118,576 underwent surgery (HL + surgery cohort) and 339,060 did not (HL-surgery). In matched cohorts, surgical otologic intervention significantly decreased the odds of developing cognitive disorders including scholastic, motor, psychological developmental disorders, and pervasive developmental delays (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Surgical interventions for treatment of pediatric HL including cochlear implantation, tympanoplasty with or without mastoidectomy, and tympanostomy should be considered as they may prevent delays in development.