Higher education responses to accountability

This paper estimates the impact of accountability scores on Brazilian higher education. We implement a regres-sion discontinuity design to explore a natural experiment resulting from the federal rules for assigning quality levels to undergraduate programs. We test whether program quality is sensitive to negative reinforcement, such as punishments imposed when a minimum threshold is not attained. The findings indicate that program administrators exhibit a positive response to the prospect of punishment by enhancing program quality in the subsequent evaluation cycle. The primary drivers of this advancement - infrastructure, teaching and learning evaluations, faculty dedication, and the proportion of faculty with a Ph.D. degree - are largely under the administrators' direct control. However, quality indicators less subject to administrative manipulation, such as student performance and value-added measures, exhibit minimal change.