Influence of process water recirculation on hydrothermal carbonization of rice husk at different temperatures

This work targets to study the influence of PW recirculation on hydrochars at 180, 220, and 260 degrees C. Rice husk was hydrothermal carbonized for 1 h and PW was cycled 5 times. The results showed that PW recirculation improved the mass yield and energy recovery efficiency (ERE) of hydrochars. With the increase of temperature, the mass yield of hydrochars decreased and ERE increased first and then decreased. PW recirculation promoted the increase of carbon content at 180 and 220 degrees C. When the temperature increased, the carbon content increased, while the hydrogen and oxygen content decreased. The high heating value (HHV) increased with the increase of PW recirculation and temperature. At 180 and 220 degrees C, the fixed carbon increased with the increase of PW recirculation and temperature. SEM analysis showed that PW recirculation promoted the formation of carbon microspheres. At 260 degrees C, carbon microsphere fusion occurred. After recirculation, the ignition temperature and burning temperature of hydrochars decreased. The aromatic vibration (C--C) intensified after the PW recircu-lation, indicating the occurrence of aromatization and polymerization. Overall, PW recirculation could improve the hydrothermal carbonization process to a certain extent.